Page

In Memoriam    xi

Foreword    xv

CHAPTER 1: BUILDING SUPPORT FOR LOW-COST MISSIONS TO MARS
Part I: Rationale and Program Management    1

The Case for Mars VI: The Heritage and Legacy of the Viking Project (AAS 96-301), George W. Morgenthaler and Walter O. Lowrie    3

The Significance of the Martian Frontier (AAS 96-302), Robert M. Zubrin    27

Breaking the Mars Cost Barrier: New Management Approaches Are Demanded (AAS 96-303), Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr.    39

Selling a Mars Mission: Why is the Price so High? (AAS 96-304), Radford Byerly, Jr.    51

Infrastructure for Commercially Backed Mars Exploration (AAS 96-305), Malcolm A. LeCompte    57

Part II: Involving the Public Sector    69

Wait Watcher’s Guide to Space Exploration (AAS 96-306), Leonard David    71

Building Support for the Manned Exploration of Mars: Lessons From Theory and Research on Persuasion and Attitude Change (AAS 96-307), Albert A. Harrison and Robert A. Bell    77

The Synergy Project: An International Mission to Mars Based on a University/Government/Industry Synergy (AAS 96-308), Lawrence Kuznetz    95

From Geo.S to Mars: Teaching the Mars Kids (AAS 96-309), Donald M. Scott    99

Teaching the Martians (AAS 96-310), Gabriel F. Rshaid    107

Mars Exploration Program: An Update (AAS 96-311) Abstract, Donna Shirley and Roger Bourke    115

A Cost and Risk Analysis of Human Exploration Missions to Mars (AAS 96-312) Abstract, Steven C. Merrihew    116

Marketing Mars: Winning Public Support and Funding (AAS 96-313) Abstract, David T. Cadden    117

CHAPTER 2:
ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY AND PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE    119

Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (AAS 96-315), Stephen J. Hoffman    121

Affordable Space Transportation Strategies for Human Exploration of Mars (AAS 96-316), Terry R. Mitchell    161

Reliability Issues for Spacecraft Electronic Design (AAS  96-317), Reinaldo Perez    167

Software Cost Reduction for Mars Missions (AAS 96-318), Ned Chapin    177

Space Nuclear Power: Costly Policy Problems in the Exploration of Mars (AAS 96-319), Victoria P. Friedensen    195

Logistical Requirements for Mars Extra-Vehicular Activities (AAS 96-320), Frank Crary    209

Mars One Way to Stay: Economics, Commercialization, Public Policy and Technology Needs Required for Mission Success (AAS 96-321), Thomas A. Gunn    223

One-Way to Mars (AAS 96-322), George William Herbert    235

Reducing the Cost of Earth Launch (AAS 96-323) Abstract, Mitchell Burnside Clapp    245

An International Single Stage to Orbit (AAS 96-324) Abstract, Bruce B. Lusignan    246

The Goddard Mission: A Profile (AAS 96-325) Abstract, Lisa Conly, Kristopher Larsen, Tim Peterson and Bryan Richter    247

CHAPTER 3: REDUCING THE COST OF PRECURSOR MISSIONS:
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING     249

Low Cost Mars Missions (AAS 96-326), Jim French    251

Dual Use of Defense Technology: What to do With Surplus Superpower Defense Assets or How to Conduct a Cost Effective Dynamic Mars Expedition Mission Simulation in the Near Term (AAS 96-327), Madhu Thangavelu    253

A Comparison of Alternative Methods for the Mars Sample Return Mission (AAS 96-328), Robert M. Zubrin    257

Martian Oases? Feasibility of Orbital Thermal Emission Detection (AAS 96-329), Albert F. C. Haldemann, G. Edward Danielson and Bruce C. Murray    267

High-Power Mars Subsurface Radar (AAS 96-330), David Thomas Chappell    279

An Inflatable Module for Use on Mars (AAS 96-331), Willy Z. Sadeh, Marvin E. Criswell and Jenine E. Abarbanel    303

Ares Explore: A Study of Human Mars Exploration Alternatives Using In Situ Propellant Production and Current Technology (AAS 96-332), M. R. Grover, E. H. Odell, S. L. Smith-Brito, R. W. Warwick and A. P. Bruckner    309

Prospects for Using CO₂/Metal Propellants in Mars Missions (AAS 96-333), Evgeny Ya. Shafirovich and Udo I. Goldshleger     341

Does Automation and Robotics Lower Costs? (AAS 96-300), Michael Sims    351

The Use of the International Space Station (ISS) in Preparing for the Human Exploration of Mars (AAS 96-314), George W. Morgenthaler    355

Mars Surface Mission - Being There (AAS 96-352), Carol R. Stoker    375

The Utility of Geothermal Energy on Mars (AAS 96-334) Abstract, Martyn J. Fogg    387

The Mars Surface Robot Marsokhod (AAS 96-335) Abstract, Bruce B. Lusignan    388

Major Advances in ISRU Technologies for Low-Cost Mars Missions (AAS 96-336) Abstract, Michael Schwarz, Steve Brod, Kumar Ramohalli and Steve Crow    389

Mars Mission: Couples Only (AAS 96-337) Abstract, Mary A. Martz    390

CHAPTER 4: DESIGNING A HABITABLE PLANET    391

Mars - Past, Present and Future -Terraforming: Chairman’s Introduction (AAS 96-338), Julian A. Hiscox    393

Terraforming Mars: A Review of Ongoing Research (AAS 96-339), Martyn J. Fogg    397

Terraforming: An Ethical Perspective (AAS 96-340), Richard W. Miller    407

Mars Today (AAS 96-341), Penelope J. Boston    441

The Formation of Martian Ecosystems: Rationale and Directions for Future Research (AAS 96-342), David J. Thomas    445

Biology and the Planetary Engineering of Mars (AAS 96-343), Julian A. Hiscox    453

Surplus Weapons-Grade Plutonium: A Resource for Exploring and Terraforming Mars (AAS 96-344), Anthony C. Muscatello and Michael G. Houts    483

Selecting Pioneer Microorganisms for Mars (AAS 96-345), Julian A. Hiscox    491

Discussion of a Mars Mission Tort-Reform, Antitrust, Tax, and Insurance Act of the U.S.A., and United Nations Convention (AAS 96-346), Robert Michael Beattie, Jr.    505

The Economics of Mars Colonization (AAS 96-347) Abstract, Robert M. Zubrin    513

A Summary of Current Planetary Engineering Proposals (AAS 96-353) Abstract, Robert M. Zubrin    514

CHAPTER 5: WORKING GROUP REPORTS    515

Introduction to Working Group Reports (AAS 96-354), Christopher P. McKay    517

Programmatics and Philosophy: Groundrules (AAS 96-348), Carol R. Stoker    519

Why There Are No Show Stoppers for Going to Mars (AAS 96-349), Penelope J. Boston    521

Education and Public Policy Working Group: Goals and Recommendations (AAS 96-350), Donald Scott    525

Non-Governmental Approach to Human Presence on Mars; or How Are We Gonna Pay for This? (AAS 96-351), Victoria P. Friedensen    529

APPENDIX    535

Publications of the American Astronautical Society    537

Advances in the Astronautical Sciences     538
Science and Technology Series    545
AAS History Series    551

INDEX    553

Numerical Index    555

Author Index    559